- Hard is the opposite of "easy." If you're just beginning an exercise routine, don't push yourself too hard in the beginning, to avoid injury.
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- adj. 努力的；硬的；困难的；严厉的；猛烈的；
- adv. 努力地；困难地；猛烈地；
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1. a hard mattress
硬床垫
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2. Diamonds are the hardest known mineral.
钻石是已知的最坚硬的矿石。
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3. a hard choice/question
为难的选择；难以回答的问题
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4. It is hard to believe that she's only nine.
很难相信她只有九岁。
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5. It must be hard for her, bringing up four children .
她抚养四个孩子一定很艰难。
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6. She's a very hard worker.
她工作很卖力。
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7. He gave the door a good hard kick.
他狠狠踢了一下门。
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8. My father was a hard man.
我父亲是个不讲情面的人。
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9. It had been a hard winter.
那年的冬天特别冷。
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10. to work hard
努力工作
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11. You must try harder.
你得更加努力。
- hard (adj.) Old English heard "solid and firm, not soft," also, "difficult to endure, carried on with great exertion," also, of persons, "severe, rigorous, harsh, cruel," from Proto-Germanic *hardu- (source also of Old Saxon hard, Old Frisian herd, Dutch hard, Old Norse harðr "hard," Old High German harto "extremely, very," German hart, Gothic hardus "hard"), from PIE *kortu-, suffixed form of root *kar- "hard."
- hard (adv.) Old English hearde "firmly, severely," from hard (adj.). Meaning "with effort or energy, with difficulty" is late 14c.
hard ★ / hɑːd ; NAmE hɑːrd / adjective , adverb hard hards harder hardest adjective ★ ( hard·er , hard·est ) solid/stiff 坚固；坚硬 1 ★ solid, firm or stiff and difficult to bend or break 坚固的；坚硬的；结实的 ◆ Wait for the concrete to go hard. 等待混凝土凝结。 ◆ a hard mattress 硬床垫 ◆ Diamonds are the hardest known mineral. 钻石是已知的最坚硬的矿石。 OPP soft difficult 不易 2 ★ difficult to do, understand or answer 难做的；难懂的；难以回答的 ◆ a hard choice/question 为难的选择；难以回答的问题 hardto do sth ◆ It is hard to believethat she's only nine. 很难相信她只有九岁。 ◆ It's hard to seehow they can lose. 很难理解他们怎么会输。 ◆ ‘When will the job be finished?’ ‘It's hard to say.’ (= it is difficult to be certain) “这项工作什么时候能完成？”“难说。” ◆ I find his attitude very hard to take (= difficult to accept). 他的态度让我难以接受。 ◆ We're finding reliable staff hard to come by (= difficult to get). 我们觉得难以找到可靠的职员。 hardfor sb (to do sth) ◆ It's hard for old people to change their ways. 老年人难以改变他们的习惯。 ◆ It must be hard for her, bringing up four children on her own. 她一个人抚养四个孩子一定很艰难。 OPP easy 3 ★ full of difficulty and problems, especially because of a lack of money 困苦的；艰苦的；艰难的 SYN tough ◆ Times were hard at the end of the war. 战争后期生活很艰苦。 ◆ She's had a hard life. 她一生艰苦。 OPP easy needing/using effort 费力；用力 4 ★ needing or using a lot of physical strength or mental effort 耗费体力（或脑力）的；辛苦的 ◆ It's hard workshovelling snow. 铲雪是个苦活儿。 ◆ I've had a long hard day. 我度过了漫长辛苦的一天。 ☞synonyms at difficult 5 ★ (of people 人 ) putting a lot of effort or energy into an activity 努力的；勤劳的 ◆ She's a very hard worker. 她工作很卖力。 ◆ He's hard at workon a new novel. 他正努力忙着写一本新小说。 ◆ When I left they were all still hard at it (= working hard). 我离开的时候他们都还在努力工作。 ☞synonyms at difficult 6 ★ done with a lot of strength or force 用力的；猛烈的 ◆ He gave the door a good hard kick. 他狠狠踢了一下门。 ◆ a hard punch 砰的一拳 without sympathy 缺乏同情心 7 ★ showing no sympathy or affection 冷酷无情的；硬心肠的；苛刻的 ◆ My father was a hard man. 我父亲是个不讲情面的人。 ◆ She gave me a hard stare. 她狠狠地看了我一眼。 ◆ He said some very hard things to me. 他对我说了些很不近人情的话。 not afraid 不畏惧 8 ( informal) (of people 人 ) ready to fight and showing no signs of fear or weakness 准备战斗的；不软弱退缩的 ◆ Come and get me if you think you're hard enough. 你要是觉得自己有种，就冲着我来吧。 ◆ You think you're really hard, don't you? 你是不是以为自己真的很勇猛？ facts/evidence 事实；证据 9 [only before noun ] definitely true and based on information that can be proved 确凿的；可证实的；可靠的 ◆ Is there any hard evidenceeither way? 不管正反，有什么确凿证据吗？ ◆ The newspaper story is based on hard facts. 报纸的这篇报道有可靠的事实根据。 weather 天气 10 very cold and severe 寒冷的；凛冽的 ◆ It had been a hard winter. 那年的冬天特别冷。 ◆ There was a hard frostthat night. 那天晚上寒冷多霜。 ☞compare mild adj. (2 ) drink 饮料 11 [only before noun ] strongly alcoholic 酒精浓度高的；烈性的 ◆ hard liquor 烈酒 ◆ ( informal) a drop of the hard stuff (= a strong alcoholic drink) 少许烈酒 ☞compare soft drink water 水 12 containing calciumand other mineral salts that make mixing with soap difficult 硬的（含钙及镁盐较多） ◆ a hard waterarea 硬水区 ◆ Our water is very hard. 我们的水很硬。 OPP soft consonants 辅音 13 ( phonetics 语音 ) used to describe a letter cor gwhen pronounced as in ‘cat’ or ‘go’, rather than as in ‘city’ or ‘giant’ 硬音的（如字母 c 或 g 在 cat 或 go 等词中的发音） OPP soft ▶ hard·ness / hɑːdnəs ; NAmE hɑːrdnəs / noun [uncountable ] ◆ water hardness 水的硬度 ◆ hardness of heart 硬心肠 IDIOMS be ˈhard on sb/sth 1 ★ to treat or criticize sb in a very severe or strict way 严厉对待，严格批评（某人或某事） ◆ Don't be too hard on him—he's very young. 别对他太苛刻了，他还很小呢。 2 ★ to be difficult for or unfair to sb/sth 使…为难；对…不公平 ◆ It's hard on people who don't have a car. 对于没有车的人来说，这不公平。 3 to be likely to hurt or damage sth 可能损伤，可能损坏（某物） ◆ Looking at a computer screen all day can be very hard on the eyes. 成天盯着计算机屏幕可能会对眼睛造成严重损害。 drive/strike a hard ˈbargain to argue in an aggressive way and force sb to agree on the best possible price or arrangement 狠狠地杀价 give sb a hard ˈtime to deliberately make a situation difficult and unpleasant for sb 给某人找茬儿；使某人不好过 ◆ They really gave me a hard time at the interview. 面试时他们确实是在难为我。 ˌhard and ˈfast ( especially after a negative 尤用于否定词后 ) that cannot be changed in any circumstances 板上钉钉；不容更改 ◆ There are no hard and fast rulesabout this. 这事没有什么硬性的规定。 (as) ˌhard as ˈnails showing no sympathy, kindness or fear 冷酷无情；铁石心肠；毫无惧色 ˌhard ˈcheese ( BrE) ( informal) used as a way of saying that you are sorry about sth, usually ironically (= you really mean the opposite) （常作反话）太不幸了，真够倒霉 ˌhard ˈgoing difficult to understand or needing a lot of effort 难懂；费力 ◆ I'm finding his latest novel very hard going. 我觉得他最近的这部小说很晦涩。 ˌhard ˈluck/ˈlines ( BrE) used to tell sb that you feel sorry for them （表示惋惜）真遗憾，太不幸了 ◆ ‘Failed again, I'm afraid.’ ‘Oh, hard luck.’ “恐怕我又失败了。”“哦，太不幸了。” the ˈhard way by having an unpleasant experience or by making mistakes 通过痛苦的经历；通过出错 ◆ She won't listen to my advice so she'll just have to learn the hard way. 她不肯听我的忠告，所以只好吃了苦头才知道厉害。 make hard ˈwork of sth to use more time or energy on a task than is necessary 在某事上耗费过多时间（或精力）；费冤枉力 no hard ˈfeelings used to tell sb you have been arguing with or have beaten in a contest that you would still like to be friendly with them （向争论或打败的对方表示继续友好）别往心里去，别记恨 ◆ It looks like I'm the winner again. No hard feelings, Dave, eh? 看来我又赢了。你不会不高兴吧，戴夫？ play hard to ˈget ( informal) to make yourself seem more attractive or interesting by not immediately accepting an invitation to do sth 故作姿态；故意摆谱；佯装拿架子 too much like hard ˈwork needing too much effort 太费力 ◆ I can't be bothered making a hot meal—it's too much like hard work. 我懒得做热饭热菜，太麻烦了。 ☞more at act n. , job , long adj. , nut n. , rock n. adverb ★ ( hard·er , hard·est ) with effort 努力 1 ★ with great effort; with difficulty 努力地；费力地；艰难地 ◆ to work hard 努力工作 ◆ You must try harder. 你得更加努力。 ◆ She tried her hardestnot to show how disappointed she was. 她竭力不流露出自己有多失望。 ◆ Don't hit it so hard! 别这么用力打！ ◆ He was still breathing hard after his run. 他跑完步，现在还气喘吁吁的。 ◆ Our victory was hard won (= won with great difficulty). 我们的胜利来之不易。 with force 猛力 2 ★ with great force 猛力地；猛烈地: ◆ ( figurative) Small businesses have been hit hard/ hard hitby the recession. 小企业受到了经济衰退的沉重打击。 carefully 仔细 3 ★ very carefully and thoroughly 彻底认真地 ◆ to think hard 认真思考 ◆ We thought long and hardbefore deciding to move house. 我们经过长久慎重的考虑之后才决定搬家。 a lot 大量 4 heavily; a lot or for a long time 沉重地；大量地；长时间地 ◆ It was raining hardwhen we set off. 我们出发时正下着大雨。 left/right 左；右 5 at a sharp angle to the left/right 向左（或右）急转弯 ◆ Turn hard right at the next junction. 在下个路口处向右急转弯。 IDIOMS be/feel hard ˈdone by ( informal) to be or feel unfairly treated 受到不公平待遇；感到委屈 ◆ She has every right to feel hard done by—her parents have given her nothing. 她觉得委屈完全合理，她父母什么都没给她。 be ˌhard ˈpressed/ˈpushed to do sth | be hard ˈput (to it) to do sth to find it very difficult to do sth 很难做某事 ◆ He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance. 他觉得她的消失很难解释得通。 be hard ˈup for sth to have too few or too little of sth 某物匮乏 ◆ We're hard up for ideas. 我们再想不出主意了。 ☞see also hard up ˈhard on sth very soon after 紧接着 ◆ His death followed hard on hers. 她死后不久，他也死了。 take sth ˈhard to be very upset by sth 为某事很苦恼（或难受） ◆ He took his wife's death very hard. 他对妻子的死感到很难过。 ☞more at die v. , heel n. WHICH WORD? 词语辨析 hard / hardly ■ The adverb from the adjective hardis hard. 形容词 hard 的副词为 hard： ◆ I have to work hard today. 今天我得努力工作。 ◆ She has thought very hard about her future plans. 她曾经悉心思考她未来的计划。 ◆ It was raining hard outside. 外面雨下得很大。 ■ Hardlyis an adverb meaning ‘almost not’. *hardly 为副词，意为几乎不、几乎没有： ◆ I hardly ever go to concerts. 我很少去听音乐会。 ◆ I can hardly wait for my birthday. 我迫切等待着我的生日。 It cannot be used instead of hard. 该词不能代替 hard： ◆ I’ve been working hardly today. ◆ She has thought very hardly about her future plans. ◆ It was raining hardly outside. ■ ➱ note at hardly hard / hɑːd ; NAmE hɑːrd / hard·ness / hɑːdnəs ; NAmE hɑːrdnəs /
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